Essay --

The Bureau of Investigation was renamed the â€Å"Federal Bureau of Investigation,† in 1935. The FBI became well known by American culture during the rule of John Edgar Hoover. John Edgar Hoover is unquestionably the most famous federal agent in the history of the United States. He turned an insignificant federal law enforcement agency with restricted law enforcement powers into the most esteemed law enforcement organization in the world. The FBI was seen as a crucial part of America’s win in World War II due to its efforts against espionage. In the 1950’s and 1960’s, Hoover increased the FBI’s Cold War efforts to prevent the power of Communist supporters and spies in the United States. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, the FBI became known as the primary agency to protect the civil rights of all citizens within the South. The FBI continued to fight against espionage throughout the Cold War. This ultimately led to the decrease in communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. The FBI also became involved with many other highly publicized cases. In the 1970’s and 1980’s, the FBI investigated domestic terror groups on both the left and the right wings of the political spectrum. The FBI also regarded public corruption and organized crime as very important priorities during the 1970’s and 1980’s. Beginning in the 1980’s all the way up to present day the FBI has increasingly focused its attention on acts of terrorism. In the middle and late 1980’s, several acts of terrorism were committed against Americans overseas. Terrorism remained in the spotlight during the 90’s in response to numerous incidents, such as the 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City and the 1995 bombing of the Murrah Federal B... ...s it correlates to the manufacturing, distribution, and supplying of legally produced controlled substances. They are responsible for the cooperation with local, state, and federal law enforcement officials on shared drug enforcement efforts and the bettering of these efforts by means of exploitation of impending interstate and international investigations. They are also accountable for the cooperation with local, state, and federal agencies, and foreign governments in programs intended to reduce the accessibility of illegal abuse-type drugs for sale in the United States through non-enforcement techniques. In addition, they are responsible for every program related to drug law enforcement correspondents in foreign countries, and the relationship with the Interpol, United Nations, and other organizations on affairs regarding international drug control programs (DEA).

Overcomming Cultural Challanges Tyco Case Study

CHANGE AND TRANSFORMATION Student : Odirile MachaDate : 15 October 2012 | 1. Tyco Employees’ Frustration turnaround3 2. Tyco’s Strategy to Overcome Cultural Change barriers5 3. Tyco’s CEO: Rebuild corporate reputation: Message package to Employees8 4. Issues emerging in communicating change externally: Tyco Case10 5. Bibliography12 * Tyco Employees’ Frustration turnaround (Gerard & Teurfs 1995; Palmer et al. 009) urges that practice dialogue is commonly used combat issue of culture in an organization or community, the practice consist of four components defined: a) First rule, the participants must suspend the attachment to their own position and judgements regarding each other. This allows participants to be more accepting to others perspective. b) Second rule, participant must identify their underlying assumptions on the matter at hand. ) Third rule, participant must listen actively to each other; remain actively present during the sessions. d) Final rul e, participants must reflect in order to uncover deeper issues and create a profound level of understanding. Transformation of culture can be measured or realised, as urged by Gerard & Teurfs (1995), byatransformed participant behavior, by the morale or feeling with the organization and by the attitude of collaborations instead of individualism.The purpose of response to question seeks to establish: the similarities in between the approach taken by the Turnaround team and the practice of dialogue; and also evaluate the outcome inline with the perceived results of a transformed culture. These similaries between the Turnaround team’s approach and practice dialogue, categorized into three stages of using dialogue in problem solving , a view supported by Gerard & Teurfs (1995). Stage 1. Problem Identification (Gerard & Teurfs 1995; Palmer et al. 009) urges that the first stage seeks to identify problems early and assist the team in setting their priorities. a) The general assumpt ion made is that Breen was part of the Turnaround team, and the fact that he never commented about Kozlowski’s past behaviour, is in line with the first step of practice in dialogue, where the participant suspend the attachment to their own position and judgements regarding each other. b) The turnaround team (Breen), communicated in a letter to the employees and shareholders, Tyco’s commitment to reinvent its credibility and integrity.This message was all inclusive not directed to any particular individuals, and that qualifies to the second rule about assumptions about each other’s commitment. The problem was identified to be lack of credibility and integrity leading to frustration of employees at Tyco, which were centred on the ethical behaviour that existed during the last CEO’s tenure, which brought uncertainty to the future of the company. Stage 2. Problem Solving (Gerard & Teurfs, 1995; Palmer et al. 2009) urges that the second stage seeks to underst and the problem, generate solutions, and make decisions. a) The approach to communication, by the turnaround team, in defining Guide to ethical conduct of employees. Instead of defining just Code of ethics rules. The team built guides with illustrative which were meant to make the code easier to read and understand, this is in line with the third rule in dialogue, where the participant should remain active during the sessions, and absorb the messages consistently. ) The message was package in local languages across different cultures and delivered through meeting (â€Å"if you want to change the hearts people about their ethical behaviour, you must bring live to this document†), instead of sending the documents to all operations around the globe, the Turnaround team choose to deliver the message in meeting (face to face), to gain active participation and also get feedback on the assumptions the team made in line with the first and second rule. The turnaround team did make dec ision to changing the executive team and infrastructure related changes.The team also made a decision on the implementation approach. Stage 3. Implementation (Gerard & Teurfs, 1995; Palmer et al. , 2009) urges that the final stage seeks confirm that the group behind the change will support the final decision and be committed to it. a) The implementation was done in meetings, with the message packed in videos and corporate management making visits to Tyco sites, which is in line with the third rule for developing a profound understanding is achieved. b) Management site visits also build a profound understanding of issues in line with rule three.The fact that corporate manager visit site and dialogue issues with management brings a degree of trust, releasing a lot of frustration that the employees had. c) The implementation involved further training of 20,000 personnel, localising trainers who went further provide input further refinement of the massage blue print for targeted destina tion, these refinement were published, this is in line with rule two and three, on understanding problem and getting commitment. d) The organisation gained an improved Governance metrics of international rating from 1. in 2002 to 9. 0 in 2005, and was consider being the most dramatically improved. This improvement is in line with the third rulewhere the result demonstrates the team fully understood the problem and prescribed a fit solution. The Turnaround team were fully committed to the change and the results were observed to have a positive impact on the organisation as a whole. The outcome can be measured though positive energy on the employee as the managed to produce positive result in profits and improved ratings. Tyco’s Strategy to Overcome Cultural Change barriersGhemawat (2001) urges that distance from an area of comfort of doing business (base country) always has in impact on the overall strategy, and that the impact of distance on industry and product is based on t he country specific characteristic defined: a) Culture (C) covers different ethnicities, lack of connective ethnic or social networks; different religions and different social norms. b) Administrative (A) covers aabsence of colonial ties; absence of shared monetary or political association; Political hostility; government policies; institutional weakness. ) Geography (G) covers physical remoteness; lack of a common border; lack of sea or river access; size of country; weak transportation or communication links, differences in climates d) Economic (E) covers differences in consumer incomes differences in costs and quality of: natural resources, financial resources, human resources, infrastructure, intermediate inputs, and information or knowledge. Tyco’s global strategy will have to address these international issues, if they are compete internationally because challenges differ from one country to the next, a view shared by (Grant, 2010).The other part to this question, is to develop a strategy that will assist in overcoming cultural barrier that faced Tyco, Hill & Hernadez-Requejo (2011) urge the best way for a Tyco to deal with cultural bariers is to develop a Cross culture litetracy, use country specific input and use local content. Cross Culture literacy Hill & Hernadez-Requejo (2011) urges that for international company to succeed in doing what they do, they must adapt to conform with the value system and norm of that culture.The adaptation must cover the following: ways of dealing with negotiation, incentive pay system, organisation structure, products naming, labor and management relations and product promotion concepts to avoid cultural conflicts associated with cultural differences (Hill & Hernadez-Requejo 2011). International companies in other countries, must learn more about the countries and cultural values (Hofstede, 1980; House et al. , 2004), and how these will affect their business.Tyco’s strategy to overcome culture barriers hin ges on understanding the cultural values and differences that exist in each country, and (discovered that these values are deeply embedded in people who work in these organisation. (Hofstede, 1980) confirms that values are held the moral behaviour of people and how they ultimately perform in their organisations. The strategy seeks understand the values identified by (Hofstede, 1980): Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance; Masculinity vs. Femininity; Individualism vs. Collectivism; Long vs.Short Term Orientation; and then identify the mis-alignments and adapt to the new cultural values without compromising the organization value system, a view by Hill & Hernadez-Requejo (2011). a) Power Distance Local Manager should be equipped to with the relevant skills to handle prevent, guard against and deal with issues influence by socioecomic status and power that may exist in the community within which Tyco operates, a view supported by Hill & Hernadez-Requejo (2011), to ensure that organisat ion key objectives are met. b) Masculinity vs. FemininityLocal manager should be empowered to align that the organization observes community or individual values governing the gender based differentiation in masculine based country and the contrary, a view confirmed by Hill & Hernadez-Requejo (2011), to ensure that organisation key objectives are not compromised. c) Individualism vs. Collectivism Local Manager should be empower to align that the organization observes community or individual values governing collectiveness society where family ties are strong to an extent where employee cannot be separated with their families and conform where possible and the contrary should be observed. ) Uncertainty Avoidance Local Manager should be empower to align that the organization observes community or individual values associated how they view uncertainty and ensure proactive communication to avoid instance of uncertainty that may affect corporate objectives. e) Long vs. Short Term Orienta tion Local Manager should be empower to align that the organization observes community or individual values to stay in the same job for short or long term, and make sure the build contingencies that are cost efficient for the organization.The strategies must be broken down into initiatives that can be easily followed and delivered, with proper measures and timeline, a view by Palmer et al. (2009). Tyco’s CEO: Rebuild corporate reputation: Message package to Employees Corporate reputation defines, how the organisations perceived by all its internal and external stakeholders and it is always linked with trust and credibility, a view shared by Grates (2005), who further confirms that a loss in the company (Tyco) trust and credibility destroys its reputation and is difficult to restore.The current situation at Tyco, with the former CEO on trial, has lowered the reputation of company. According to (Collin 2001; Hughes et al 2012), it take a long time for a company to build its rep utation, through delivery of sustainable proof before the stake holders can endorse it as a positive reputation. The crisis situation that Tyco is in, have been identified and there reputational issues that needs to be managed to avoid further damage.There is an immediate need to communicate with, internal and external stakeholder, and the message content should contain the following as guided by [Reputation-Risk of risks: Economist Intelligent Unit]: * Concerns – As the CEO,I have to communicate and acknowledge the challenges that Tyco is faced with; own up to what has gone wrong; and express regret and concern, a view supported by Palmer et al (2009). * Commitment – As the CEO, I have to communicate a plan to fix this problem and share in detail an action plan with clear timelines, a view supported by Palmer et al (2009). Control – As the CEO, I must demonstrate that we are in control of the situation and that we are liaising with the relevant authorities invo lved to bring the situation under control a view supported by Palmer et al (2009). It is imperative, as the CEO, to break news earlier to employees and keys stakeholder [Reputation-Risk of risks: Economist Intelligent Unit], before the other sources share information that is ambiguous and could shake up the stakeholder and affect the companies operation.It is however important to also acknowledge indeed some business operation and resource will be affected and also provide a medium that could be used by also sources to provide feedback. Any questions that are asked must be responded to consistently with the message shared by the CEO. As the CEO, it is important to step back and reflect on my personal reputation and professional conduct, are tightly tied to the reputation of the company. The decision made should be consistent, as confirmed by [Reputation-Risk of risks: Economist Intelligent Unit], with the messages that are being put across as the turnaround strategy.There should be transparency on actions taken, as confirmed by [Reputation-Risk of risks: Economist Intelligent Unit] that affect people, and information about plans should be share promptly. Palmer et al (2009) urge that it is within and through communication that changes occurs and as the CEO, it is ideal to explore the change methodologies that are effective for internal communication with staff. There are four types of change approaches, which can be used draw up the speech acts as defined by Palmer et al. (2009): Initiative conversation – this focuses on the need for change depending on the situation, in the event that something has happened already or before it occurs. In the case of Tyco, the initiative would be based on what the organisation seeks to undertake to address the problems that have been identified. The message will contain assertions (what need to be in aligned with governance issues), request (to establish reforms to achieve objective) and declaration message (about new targets) going forward: * Conversation for understanding – meant to provide employees with greater appreciation of change issues and problem areas.The conversation would seek to establish on clarity solution proposed to target the challenges and beyond. * Conversation for performance – focuses on producing the actual change required, at Tyco, this would be the time to implement all the promises Tyco committed to deliver on aligned to the plan shared with stake holders. * Conversation for closure- is an indication of the completion of the actual change, this is where acknowledgements are made to deserving participants, and rewards are disclosed ad celebration ensued.The CEO cannot carry out all these activities on his own but requires to have people with the right skills in the right jobs, people with the attitude to lead the change and these people have to be carefully selected a view by (Collin 2001; Hughes et al 2012). The CEO still remain accountable but provide gui dance in direction to ensure that what is delivered is consistent with the commitments made. Issues emerging in communicating change externally: Tyco Case Palmer et al. 2009) urges that external oriented communication can be categorised into two parts: communication with external stakeholder that relates to internal organisation changes; and where there is need to handle a crisis situation. In Tyco case is more associated with the crisis situation and the communication was done with a letter to internal and external stakeholders, and the message promoted credibility; integrity; and promoted a culture of accountability, the question seek to find out how effective communication was to external stakeholders.Palmer et al. (2009) urge external communication is different from internal communication is a number of respects, it address issues relating to: justification decision made; assurance over an allegation made; downplaying statements made (concealment) ,or reassurance that matter are under control. Issue emerging from the case: a) Hiring a new CEO, is a also consider a major event in rebuilding the reputation of Tyco, that required external communication. [The road to reputation recovery: Burson-Marsteller] ) The Tyco letter Breen spoke to reassurance and commitment to change. The message was carefully crafted because at the time there was not much to give out, as the trial was still on-going. The message seek to reassure the employees and shareholders that; Breen and his team were committed to addressing issues relating to credibility of the corporation internal and external stakeholder but is does not layout the intervention and the time it will take to restore the integrity.There was no apology from the CEO about recent bad publicity; it is as if nothing major has happened at least resentment would have been enough. [The road to reputation recovery: Burson-Marsteller] c) The changes done at board and executive level were fitting of external communication esp ecially the appointments new executive members and board, because reputation issues affecting Tyco, were more to deal with the CEO’s leadership and board and between the two they are both responsible for the wellbeing of the organisations reputation. The road to reputation recovery: Burson-Marsteller] d) Guideline developed for internal employees relating to interaction with suppliers and partners would have been something that worth external communication, this was a good initiative as it commits Tyco to a good corporate principle. [The road to reputation recovery: Burson-Marsteller] e) The fact that Tyco, consider best practice models Sigma, was the right move as it demonstrated Tyco’s desire to improve the corporate performance, this move was worth sharing externally if it does not compromise their competitiveness. ) The fact that Tyco, consider engage in an audit and the performance rating was improved dramatically, it was worth going public on the results, this su rely is some reputation builder according to [The road to reputation recovery: Burson-Marsteller], and this was worth acknowledging and celebrating. g) The fact that the turnaround of Tyco, was well completed within five years and that the corporation managed to payout dividends worth 2. 09 billion, was not communicated externally well enough, but it some positive development for the shareholder.The corporate media for public communication and information sharing were not well explored [The road to reputation recovery: Burson-Marsteller] Bibliography Busson-Marsteller (2009). The road to reputation recovery. [Online] Available from :< http://www. CEOgo. com/documents/RR_01_10_05. pdf >[Accessed 13 October 2012]. Economist Intelligent Unit, the (2005). Reputation: Risk of risks [Online] Available from :< http://www. eiu. com/report_dl. asp? mode=fi&fi=1552294140. PDF&rf=0>[Accessed 13 October 2012]. Gerard G. & Teurfs L. (1995). Dialogue and Organizational transformations†, in community spirit: Renewing Spirit and Learning in Business, Kazimerz Gozdz. San Francisco: New Leader Press. pp. 143-53. Ghemawat, P. (2001) Distance Still Matters: The Hard reality of Global Expansions. Harvard Business Review, 79 (8), pp. 137 -147. Grant R. M. (2010). Contemporary Strategy Analysis. 7 ed. United Kingdom. Wiley and Sons. Grates F. G. (2005). Hold on tight:  The Reputational Pull of the Automotive Industry. [Online]. Available from: < www. instituteforpr. org/downloads/330> [Accessed 13 October 2012].Hill, C. W. L & Hernadez-Requejo, W. (2011). Global Business Today. New York, McGraw Hill/Irwin. Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. Hughes , L. R. , Ginnett, C. R. , Curphy, J. G. (2012). Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of Experience. 7th Ed. Singapore, McGraw-Hill companies. Palmer I, Dunford R & Akin G. (2009) Managing Organization Change: A multiple perspective approach. 2nd ED Boston, McGraw Hill International. Elsevier LTD.

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Marketing Plan For A Brand Image - 766 Words

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Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 2057 Words

During the Civil War period, a pro ¬slavery mob chained Francis McIntosh to a locust tree, burnt him fatality in 1837. There are a lot of abolitionists, like Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who lost their lives when criticizing lynching. Elijah Parish Lovejoy showed both physical and moral courage fighting against inequality. The real courage of abolitionists during that time was gaining equal opportunities for African- ¬Americans, and be treated the same as white people, no matter the consequences. Even after a century, there is no slavery anymore, there is still racism happening. In Harper Lee’s book To Kill a Mockingbird, she shows the real meaning of courage fighting for equal rights in the small town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the Great Depression. Lee shows that the society is unfair and teaches people how important it is to have courage. The novel is narrated by an innocent girl named Scout, whose father, Atticus, is a famous lawyer, and tries to provide equal rights to the people. She lives with her father Atticus and her older brother Jem. The two siblings grow up learning about prejudice, unfair treatments in the society and they started to understand the moral of life. In the event of Tom Robinson, poor black men, is being accused of raping a white girl which is not true. He is being treated unequally, they stand up, show respect to the African ¬-Americans and fight against racism. Atticus and his children display the real courage when the majority of people in the town isShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt t hat the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was pov erty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establ ishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, her

Employee Reimbursements and GST

Question: Discuss about the Employee Reimbursements and GST. Answer: Introduction: An entrenchment clause under law and constitution is that provision which make particular amendments difficult or impossible. Entrenchment clause states that particular amendment in the constitution requires a type of supermajority, consent from another party to make amendment, and may be submission of referendum to other people. Intention of entrenchment clause is to prevent the amendments made subsequently in the constitution or make a particular portion of law irrevocable except in case of right of revolution. Any amendment in constitution which would not satisfied the conditions of valid entrenched clause will result in "unconstitutional constitutional law". Unconstitutional constitutional law means any amendment made in constitutional law which would consider as constitutional law only through its form, and it is unconstitutional through procedure. The main aim of this clause is to protect the rights of minority, and to prevent the amendments to the constitution of the company (Constitutional Review Committee, n.d.). Corporation Act 2001 provisions also defined entrench provision such as Section 136(2) requires special resolution for making any necessary changes in the constitution of the company. Section 136 (2) of the corporation act 2001 states that company can modify its constitution or any provision of its constitution only by special resolution, and in case constitution is adopted by court than company required leave of court to modify the constitution (Corporation Act 2001, n.d.). we can understand this with the help of example such as: In case any special resolution alter, add or omit any clause which is considered as entrenched provision does not have any effect unless it is approved in the general meeting of the company by majority that is: At least hold 75% of the votes in the company. Comprise at least 75% of the members of the company. Notice of general meeting in which that special resolution is proposed must be given at least 21 days before. General meeting in which that special resolution is proposed shall not transact any other business. In the present case, David wants to include entrenched clause in the constitution of the company. David states that he wants to retain the control of the company in his hands from both perspectives either managerial or ownership. He also states that for help he needs other people also such as staff and his mother. Its also possible that at later stage his wife Lisa also join the business. Reimbursement of expenses- expense reimbursement is a process through which employer payback the expenses incurred by the employees from their own money for the purpose of employers business. Generally these expenses occurred at the time of travelling for business it can be occurred in other situations also which is related to work. It is necessary for employers that they pay back the amount incurred by employee for the purpose of business (The balance, 2016). Usually, reimbursement is compensating someone for the expenses occurred by that person out of pocket. If any employee spend any amount of money on the activity related to business then in such case that employee is entitled to reimburse the amount spend by him. It is necessary to reimburse the claim that it must be fair, reasonable and valid. Before the process of any claim it is necessary that employee provide proper evidence of the expense he occurred. It is necessary that claim made by employee must be accompanied by evidence, and that evidence must be authenticating (Government of Western Australia, n.d.). We can understand this with the help of the example that is Alexandra employs Petra in her advertising agency, and later on Petra purchased craft material for presentation that cost $90. According to the provision of agency any expenses incurred by employee related to business shall be reimbursed in case if proper invoice are presented. Petra makes claim for the reimbursement of expenses with the proper invoice, and Alexandra repay her those expenses (ATO, n.d.). In the present case, Tom is the office manager of company, and working from last 5 years with David. Tom gives authority to Michelle who works as a receptionist in the company to purchase stationary for office work from the place where company operates its credit account. In this Tom works as senior position and he gives authority to Michelle for purchasing stationary for office work that is cost up to $ 1200 and I pad also. In this Tom gives authority to Michelle for purchasing I pad and stationary cost $ 1200. Therefore, in this Michelle has authority to purchase the material up to $1200, and also a i pad, and company is bound to pay Michelle for the expenses she incurred for office work. It must be noted that Michelle has authority to purchase office material up to $1200 only, and if she spend more amount on that then in such case company is not bound to pay any amount to her. References: Constitutional Review Committee. Entrenchment Clause and Country Cases. Retrieved on 23rd November 2016 from: www.constitutionalreview.gov.sl/site/Portals/1/.../what_is_entrenchment_clause.docx. Corporation Act 2001-s136. The balance, (2016). What Is Expense Reimbursement. Retrieved on 23rd November 2016 from: https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-expense-reimbursement-1918122. Government of Western Australia. Reimbursement. Retrieved on 23rd November 2016 from: https://www.courts.dotag.wa.gov.au/R/reimbursement.aspx?uid=7786-1265-3771-6567. ATO. Employee reimbursements and GST. Retrieved on 23rd November 2016 from: https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/GST/In-detail/Rules-for-specific-transactions/Employee-reimbursements/Employee-reimbursements-and-GST/.

Why we feel sympathy for Shylock The Merchant of Venice Essay Example For Students

Why we feel sympathy for Shylock The Merchant of Venice Essay ‘The Merchant of Venice’ by William Shakespeare is about a man called Shylock, he is Jewish. Throughout the play he is subject to severe racial hatred from the Christian people of Venice, Venice was primarily a Christian state so being of a different religious background, being a Jew was frowned upon. Shylock was a usurer which in fact added to his problems, a usurer is someone who loans money and takes back interest. A Christian participating in this in Venice would have been considered an abomination in their faith; it was acceptable in the Jewish faith however the Christians hated Shylock for it. We will write a custom essay on Why we feel sympathy for Shylock The Merchant of Venice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I feel sympathy towards Shylock before the court case because he was terrorised for being Jewish. The play begins with Antonio, the merchant, feeling very depressed. He struggles to understand why he is feeling this way but immediately cheers up when Bassanio returns. Bassanio is very careless with money and is said to be in a tough financial position: â€Å"I have disabled mine estate† Bassanio wants to borrow money and use it to go and court the fair lady Portia. Bassanio asks Antonio for a loan of money but Antonio does not have any money because it is all on his ships. The pair are good friends and no one else would lend Bassanio the money because of his poor name financially. Antonio wants to help his friend Bassanio so tells him to borrow money under his name and pay back what he can. They then go to Shylock for a loan. Despite Shylock been treated terribly by the pair almost every day: â€Å"The devil can cite scripture for his purpose†. He decides to loan the money without taking interest but if the money is not paid back fully in three months, Shylock is entitled to take a pound of Antonio’s flesh as compensation, Bassanio is shocked but immediately Antonio agrees to the terms as he thinks that his ships will return on time for him to be able to pay for the loan. They agree and Shylock gives Bassanio the money. To add to Shylock’s misery his own servant, Launcelot, and his daughter, Jessica, leave him. Launcelot leaves Shylock to go and work for Bassanio. There was no evidence that Shylock was a bad master but Launcelot leaves him because he is a Jew. When Shylock is invited to Bassanio’s feast he asks Jessica to look after his house, Jessica has no intention in staying and leaves to marry Lorenzo. When leaving Jessica precious ring given to Shylock by his late wife and money. Jessica loves her father but feels she can’t stay because he is Jewish. â€Å"Ashamed to be my father’s child† I feel sorry for Shylock during the court proceedings because the whole court conspires against him even though Antonio had not fulfilled his promise. The Duke opens the court case saying that he pities Antonio because Shylock is: â€Å"Inhuman wretch uncapable of pity† During the court case Shylock receives many pleas for mercy from Bassanio, The Duke and Balthazar. He insists that they should show mercy and points to the many slaves the Duke and Bassanio have this highlights their hypocorism. The Duke, once again, tries to derail Shylock’s attempts at getting his bond by saying that he is just trying to terrify Antonio with his performance and that he will forgive him at the last minute: We all expect a gentle answer Jew! Shylock is not interested and still insists that he will have his bond. If his bond is not granted then the decision will make a mockery of Venice and the justice system. Bassanio then tries to convince Shylock to forget the bond by arguing with him, Antonio insists it is no use as it would be impossible to soften Shylock’s: â€Å"Jewish Heart† Bassanio, who is now financially stable offers Shylock twice the amount of money first owed but Shylock laughs at the offer and insists that he wouldn’t accept 6 times that amount. .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6 , .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6 .postImageUrl , .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6 , .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6:hover , .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6:visited , .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6:active { border:0!important; } .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6:active , .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6 .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u083bee1c38db0b8999c4364bbb64c0d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dramatic Significance EssayThe Duke then asks Shylock why he expects mercy if he does not give it himself but Shylock replies that he has done no wrong and will have his bond! When Nerissa enters the court room dressed as a clerk, Gratiano curses Shylock saying he is: â€Å"Inexecrable dog, whose desires are wolvish, bloody, starved and ravenous† Once again the abuse Shylock is subject to is out in the open and it is clear to see why he is so desperate to get his bond. Balthazar (Portia) grants Shylock permission to have his bond. Shylock is delighted and is just about to take the flesh when he is stopped by Balthazar, who then explains that in the bond it does indeed say that Shylock can take the flesh but if he were to shed one drop of Christian blood his house and possessions would be seized and given to the state of Venice. Shylock then says that he will not take the flesh but will take Bassanio’s money instead. Balthazar stops him again and claims that Shylock wanted justice so will either have his bond or nothing; he will have his bond or nothing! Shylock tries to leave the court but is stopped by Balthazar again. Shylock is told that Venetian law states that if any â€Å"Alien† (Foreigner) sought the life of any Venetian citizen the citizen subject of this harmful desire would be entitled to half of the Foreigner’s possessions and the other half would be given to the Venetian state. Adding to Shylock’s humiliation, he is ordered to become a Christian or face the death penalty†¦ He leaves the court with nothing. I sympathise with Shylock after the court case because he loses everyone he loved and everything that he worked for. First he was unable to receive his bond because the whole court conspired against him. He was then ordered to convert to a Christian so he lost his identity. His daughter left him so he had no family comfort to help deal with the aftermath of the court proceedings. Shylock was left with no possessions as they were all lost at the court case. We can see Shylock is hungry for revenge but he does not achieve this and ends up at rock bottom: â€Å"Thou call’dst me dog †¦ But since I am dog, beware my fangs. † Shylock is so desperate for revenge during the court proceedings that his actions arguably led to him being persecuted. Finally it seems that everyone else in the play had a happy ending apart from Shylock. His whole life has collapsed beyond control all because of racial prejudice! Throughout ‘The Merchant of Venice’ Shylock is treated as sub-human. In the end he does not get his bond, his daughter has run away from him to marry a Christian, his servant had left to work for a Christian and he is forced to convert to a Christian. In light of all of this many feel sympathy for Shylock, I certainly do! In the early stage performances of the play Shylock is portrayed as a monster and many audiences had no sympathy at all for Shylock but, nowadays, in general many people are greatly empathic towards Shylock. This could be for a number of reasons such as: changing attitude towards religion or a changing society. I personally think that this change in attitudes is mostly down to the holocaust in World War 2. This was the mass extermination of the people the Nazi party did not like -Jewish people in the main. – After this many people all over the world began to accept Jewish people for who they are. Actors also changed the way they play Shylock, perhaps trying to address thousands of years of hatred. The actors play a much more vulnerable and noble Shylock making the audiences show Sympathy towards him: â€Å"I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, heald by the same means, warmd and coold by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is? † This famous speech by Shylock may be getting put into action in modern day society!